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A disease-causing microorganism or virus is referred to as a(n)


A) avirulent infection.
B) colony.
C) commensal.
D) pathogen.

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The idea that communicable diseases were caused by the passage of living things from one person to another was first put forth by


A) Fracastorius.
B) Pasteur.
C) Thucydides.
D) Leeuwenhoek.

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Which of the following does S. pneumoniae use to survive in the host?


A) plasmids
B) pili
C) flagella
D) capsules

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The first step in the establishment of infection is that the organism must


A) invade host tissues.
B) attach to host cells.
C) evade phagocytes.
D) produce toxins.

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Species of both Shigella and Streptococcus


A) invade host cells.
B) produce a toxin.
C) cause ergot poisoning.
D) are delivered via flea bites.
E) invade host cells AND produce a toxin.

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Why is it a good strategy for a microbe to adhere to a receptor that plays a critical function for a host cell?


A) It ISN'T a good strategy-host cells could shift to a backup receptor and shut down production of the main receptor, preventing infection.
B) If it's a receptor the cell MUST use, it doesn't have a backup system in place to switch to-so, even though it makes it susceptible to infection, it HAS to put that target out there.This benefits the microbe.
C) Microbes want to evade detection and elimination by the immune system-the closer they can adhere to host cells, the less likely they are to trigger destructive immune responses.This would be similar to using a hostage as a shield in a police-standoff situation.
D) It ISN'T a good strategy-by binding to receptors, microbes will be phagocytosed by cells and destroyed within them.

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