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The equal protection clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment,which reads in part that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." This clause has been used by the courts to protect minorities from discrimination.The tests associated with legal discrimination are the reasonable-basis test and the strict-scrutiny test.The first test stipulates that some inequalities (such as unequal tax rates for people of different income levels)are acceptable as long as they are related to legitimate government interests.The second test is premised on the belief that racial and ethnic-based classifications are unconstitutional almost by definition.There is a third form of judgment-an "intermediate" category,which has been used with regard to sex classifications,and is less rigid than the strict-scrutiny test but more rigid than the reasonable-basis test.For example,the exclusion of women from the military draft has been judged by the courts to be constitutional,whereas most other forms of gender discrimination in law have been judged unconstitutional.
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A) authorizes states to grant marital rights to a same-sex couple that has been granted these rights by another state.
B) authorizes states to deny marital rights to a same-sex couple that has been granted these rights by another state.
C) invalidated,through federal legislation,the marriages of same-sex couples that had become married in states that allow same-sex unions.
D) established a timeline by which all states must legally allow same-sex marriages.
E) invalided state laws that had mandated that marriage be defined only as a union between a man and a woman.
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A) greed
B) racial discrimination
C) obesity
D) street violence
E) religious intolerance
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A) The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was ratified by the necessary 38 states in 1982.
B) The women's rights movement began in the era of World War I and within a few years achieved voting rights for women.
C) Women have made substantial gains in the areas of appointive and elective offices.
D) Women tend to cast their votes for Republican candidates.
E) All these answers are correct.
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C
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A) strict racial quotas were a valid means of ensuring racial diversity on college campuses.
B) private colleges could refuse to admit prospective students on the basis of sexual orientation.
C) male-only admissions policies at state-supported military academies were unconstitutional.
D) because female instructors created an undue distraction at all-male universities,the schools in question could discriminate against women in their hiring practices.
E) colleges affiliated with a particular religion could not take the religious persuasion of job candidates into consideration during the hiring process.
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A) The Supreme Court justices ruled in 2000 that the Boy Scouts can ban gays.
B) The Supreme Court justices ruled in 2003 that states cannot ban homosexual relations among consenting adults.
C) The Supreme Court justices ruled in 1996 that states could not adopt discriminatory policies toward gays and lesbians.
D) All are true; the Supreme Court ruled states could not adopt discriminatory policies toward gays and lesbians (1996) ,Boy Scouts can ban gays (2000) ,and states cannot ban homosexual relations among consenting adults (2003) .
E) None of these answers is correct.
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Affirmative action is a deliberate effort to counteract de facto discrimination and provide full and equal opportunity in areas such as education and employment for traditionally disadvantaged groups.This policy attempts to require providers of opportunities to show that their policies are not discriminatory.The Supreme Court has limited the application of affirmative action.In general,the Supreme Court has allowed practices seeking to redress instances of discrimination unless those practices infringe on the rights of individuals or unless they involve the strict use of quotas.
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A) 1 in 4
B) 1 in 6
C) 1 in 5
D) 1 in 10
E) 1 in 15
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A) About one in four single-parent families that are headed by women live below the poverty line.
B) The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act represented a setback for women by reducing the amount of guaranteed benefits that new mothers receive.
C) Recent Supreme Court decisions have made it harder for employees to sue an organization that retaliates against them for filing a sexual harassment complaint.
D) There are generally fewer single-parent families headed by women below the poverty line than two-parent families below the poverty line.
E) The "feminization of poverty" describes the phenomenon of greater government protection for women below the poverty line than men.
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A) today number more than 2 million.
B) have a far higher infant mortality rate than the national average.
C) have in recent years filed suit to reclaim their ancestral lands.
D) are less than half as likely to finish college as other Americans.
E) All these answers are correct.
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In Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka,...View Answer
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A) due process clause of the Fifth Amendment.
B) due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
C) equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
D) Civil Rights Act.
E) establishment clause of the First Amendment.
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A) through the enlightened policies of advantaged Americans.
B) through judicial action only.
C) through struggle against entrenched interests.
D) mainly through action by the states rather than the federal government.
E) by waiting patiently for public opinion to back their cause.
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A) school desegregation.
B) sexual harassment.
C) affirmative action.
D) Native Americans' civil rights.
E) comparable worth.
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A) the abolition movement.
B) the Progressive movement.
C) the labor movement.
D) the modern civil rights movement.
E) the modern environmental movement.
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A) addressed the problem of de facto discrimination.
B) applied to many northern communities in addition to communities in the South.
C) sanctioned the use of busing in desegregation.
D) dealt specifically with the issue of busing.
E) All these answers are correct.
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A) The courts have not given government and employers much leeway in establishing age-based policies.
B) Forced retirement for reasons of age is not permissible even if justified by the nature of a particular job or the performance of a particular employee.
C) Age discrimination is among the forms of discrimination prohibited by the U.S.Constitution.
D) Mandatory retirement ages for most jobs have been eliminated by law.
E) Hiring bias on the basis of age is still allowed by all private companies,but has been most abolished in government and public agencies.
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A) require government only to show that a particular law is reasonable.
B) assess whether a law had the support of a two-thirds majority of legislators at the time of passage.
C) determine whether a law is working well and,if so,to allow it to remain in effect.
D) prohibit any law that results in the unequal treatment of Americans.
E) interpret the equal protection clause in a strict manner.
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A) it is impossible to impose quotas fairly because they require classifications of merit based on race.
B) it is inherently suspect to classify one school district or public facility reserved for a particular race as inferior or superior to another.
C) laws that classify people differently on the basis of their race or ethnicity are presumed to have discrimination as their purpose.
D) any form of classification of people based on race or gender is not a sufficient basis for which to overturn an established federal law.
E) any law designed to specifically affect members of different genders in different ways is inherently discriminatory.
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A) they are the fastest-growing minority in the United States.
B) they have made major political gains in terms of electing local officials,particularly in the southwestern states.
C) Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be expected from their education and income levels.
D) their average annual income is relatively close to the national average.
E) they are one of the nation's oldest ethnic groups.
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