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Explain what is meant by a collateralized money loan. Provide an example.

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A money loan is said to be collateralize...

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Open-market operations include


A) changes in the reserve ratio.
B) repos and reverse repos.
C) paying interest on excess reserves held at Federal Reserve Banks.
D) changes in the discount rate.

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Which of the following actions by the Fed would cause the money supply to increase?


A) purchases of government bonds from banks
B) an increase in the reserve requirement
C) an increase in the discount rate
D) sales of government bonds to the public

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The interest rate that banks charge one another on overnight loans is called the


A) discount rate.
B) prime lending rate.
C) overnight lending rate.
D) federal funds rate.

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Assume that U.S. National Bank has no excess reserves and that the reserve ratio is 20 percent. If U.S. National borrows $5 million from a Federal Reserve Bank through a repo transaction, it can expand its loans by a maximum of


A) $5 million.
B) $1 million.
C) $25 million.
D) $0.

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 Item in Balance Sheet  Amount  1)  Treasury Deposits $7 2)  Reserves of Commercial Banks 31 3)  Federal Reserve Notes 275 4)  Loans to Commercial Banks 1 5)  All Other Assets 64 6)  Securities 255 7)  All Other Liabilities and Net Worth 7\begin{array} { | l | c | } \hline { \text { Item in Balance Sheet } } & \text { Amount } \\\hline \text { 1) Treasury Deposits } & \$ 7 \\\hline \text { 2) Reserves of Commercial Banks } & 31 \\\hline \text { 3) Federal Reserve Notes } & 275 \\\hline \text { 4) Loans to Commercial Banks } & 1 \\\hline \text { 5) All Other Assets } & 64 \\\hline \text { 6) Securities } & 255 \\\hline \text { 7) All Other Liabilities and Net Worth } & 7 \\\hline\end{array} The table shows items and ?gures taken from a consolidated balance sheet of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks. All ?gures are in billions of dollars. In this balance sheet, there would be assets of


A) $246 billion.
B) $313 billion.
C) $320 billion.
D) $387 billion.

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The major purpose of the Federal Reserve buying government securities in open-market operations is to


A) increase interest rates.
B) raise money for government spending.
C) reduce the excess reserves of banks.
D) allow banks to increase their lending.

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When commercial banks borrow from the Federal Reserve Banks, they decrease their excess reserves and their money-creating potential.

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Which of the following would not be a consequence of negative interest rates?


A) People's deposits in banks would have shrinking balances over time.
B) Reduced bank reserves that could cause a contraction in the economy.
C) People would want to put more money in banks.
D) People would rather hold cash than bank deposits.

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Upon which of the following industries is a restrictive monetary policy likely to be most effective?


A) furniture
B) clothing
C) food processing
D) residential construction

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When the reserve requirement is increased,


A) required reserves are changed into excess reserves.
B) the excess reserves of banks are increased.
C) a single commercial bank can no longer lend dollar-for-dollar with its excess reserves.
D) the excess reserves of banks are reduced.

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Monetary policy actions by the Fed are


A) more effective in a restrictive direction than they are in an expansionary direction.
B) more effective in an expansionary direction than they are in a restrictive direction.
C) equally effective in both expansionary and restrictive directions.
D) only effective when coupled with fiscal policy actions.

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  A)  increase the interest rate from 3 percent to 9 percent. B)  increase the money supply from $100 to $120. C)  decrease the money supply from $120 to $100. D)  decrease the interest rate from 9 percent to 3 percent.


A) increase the interest rate from 3 percent to 9 percent.
B) increase the money supply from $100 to $120.
C) decrease the money supply from $120 to $100.
D) decrease the interest rate from 9 percent to 3 percent.

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   Refer to the given market-for-money diagrams. The asset demand for money is shown by A)   D _ { 1 }  B)   D _ { 2 }  C)   D _ { 3 }  D)  S. Refer to the given market-for-money diagrams. The asset demand for money is shown by


A) D1D _ { 1 }
B) D2D _ { 2 }
C) D3D _ { 3 }
D) S.

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The increase in excess reserves that occurred as a result of the mortgage debt crisis


A) was offset by restrictive monetary policy.
B) rendered open-market operations ineffective.
C) caused the Fed to set a negative nominal interest rate target for the federal funds rate.
D) prevented the Fed from taking any further action to increase the money supply.

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In traditional monetary policy, if the Fed targeted a lower federal funds rate, then it was pursuing a restrictive monetary policy.

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  A)  an increase in the discount rate B)  purchases of U.S. securities by the Fed in the open market C)  sales of U.S. securities by the Fed in the open market D)  an increase in the reserve ratio


A) an increase in the discount rate
B) purchases of U.S. securities by the Fed in the open market
C) sales of U.S. securities by the Fed in the open market
D) an increase in the reserve ratio

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Which of the following is correct? When the Federal Reserve buys government securities from the public, the money supply


A) contracts and commercial bank reserves increase.
B) expands and commercial bank reserves decrease.
C) contracts and commercial bank reserves decrease.
D) expands and commercial bank reserves increase.

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   Refer to the given market-for-money diagrams. The total demand for money is shown by A)   D _ { 1 }  B)   \mathrm { D } _ { 2 }  C)   D _ { 3 }  D)  S. Refer to the given market-for-money diagrams. The total demand for money is shown by


A) D1D _ { 1 }
B) D2\mathrm { D } _ { 2 }
C) D3D _ { 3 }
D) S.

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Which of the following tools of monetary policy is flexible and able to affect bank reserves quickly and by relatively specific amounts?


A) the discount rate
B) the reserve ratio
C) open-market operations
D) the federal funds rate

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