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Exam 6: Beneficence

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Question 1

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Whereas positive beneficence requires agents to provide benefits to others, ________ requires that agents balance benefits, risks, and costs to produce the best overall result.

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Question 2

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______________ refers to the act or practice of making an appropriate and often proportional return (benefit for benefit, gratitude for generosity).

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Question 3

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Formal techniques of analysis-CEA, CBA, and RBA-can function as morally unobjectionable ways to implement the principle of beneficence in health policy.

QALY-based cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) may be discriminatory against older people.

According to ______________, people have a general "obligation to assist" if it is in their power to do so, without sacrificing other morally important goods, even at significant personal cost.

Often the principle of beneficence permits us to help or benefit those with whom we have special relationships, without thereby obliging us to help or benefit those with whom we have no such relationship.

According to Beauchamp and Childress, obligations of beneficence occur when there are specific individuals who can be helped, but not when only certain members of a larger group can be helped.

The primary goal of clinical research is:

The primary danger of policies of libertarian paternalism is a lack of public scrutiny due to their initially appealing nature.

Each of the following is a prima facie rule of obligation supported by the principle of beneficence except:

A __________ __________ _________ _________ (QALY) is a calculation that takes into account both the quantity and quality of life produced by medical interventions.

The utilitarian moral theory of _____________ closely associated beneficence with the goal of morality itself.

In determining quality of life, analysts often start with rough measures, such as:

Which of the following is not listed as a condition that must be satisfied in order to justify hard paternalism?

Advanced directives raise complex issues and occasionally should be overridden.

_____________ refers to intentional nonacquiescence or intervention in another person's preferences, desires, or actions with the intention of either preventing or reducing harm to or benefiting that person.

Many acts of beneficence are not morally obligatory, but rather supererogatory.

One danger of generalizing obligations of beneficence too widely is that it may divert attention away from obligation to those with whom we have special moral relationships.

____________ is a method used in cost-benefit analysis to estimate the monetary value of human life based on a person's revealed and expressed preferences about the value of life.

When there is a duty to ________, the obligation to help, in the absence of significant risk or cost to the agent, eliminates the agent's discretionary choice.