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1) Mate guarding hypothesis: Males could...View Answer
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The distinction between social monogamy and genetic monogamy is important because they refer to different aspects of animal and human behavior and relationships. Social monogamy refers to the practice of forming a pair bond with one individual, sharing a territory, and cooperating in raising offspring. However, this does not necessarily mean that the pair is sexually exclusive. On the other hand, genetic monogamy refers to the practice of having only one sexual partner from which offspring are produced.
Understanding the difference between these two concepts is crucial in fields such as evolutionary biology, anthropology, and sociology. For instance, in studying animal behavior, a species may appear to be monogamous (social monogamy), but DNA testing of offspring can reveal instances of infidelity (lack of genetic monogamy). This can provide insights into the evolutionary strategies and pressures of that species.
In human societies, the distinction can help us understand and respect the complexity of human relationships and sexual behavior. It can also have practical implications in areas such as paternity testing and understanding the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Therefore, distinguishing between social and genetic monogamy allows for a more nuanced understanding of behavior in both animals and humans.
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A) There is a link between promiscuous breeding systems and female reproductive health.
B) Sperm is a vector of disease.
C) Menstruation should be least common in breeding systems where females engage in sexual activity with many partners.
D) Promiscuous mating systems might expose females to greater quantities and diversity of sperm.
E) Menstruation is a defense against pathogens carried by sperm.
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A) sperm with greater velocity and/or endurance.
B) large testes with greater sperm production.
C) specialized sperm morphology.
D) decreased copulation duration.
E) increased time guarding the female after copulation if last-male precedence exists.
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An androdioecious mating system is a reproductive system in which a population contains both hermaphroditic individuals and separate male individuals. In the paper by Weeks and colleagues (2006), the authors review evidence for androdioecy in animals and discuss the ecological and genetic factors that may contribute to the maintenance of androdioecy in various animal species. They provide examples of androdioecy in various animal taxa, including nematodes, crustaceans, and fish, and discuss the potential selective pressures that may favor the evolution and maintenance of androdioecy in these species.
Some of the selection pressures that may favor androdioecy include the benefits of outcrossing, which can lead to increased genetic diversity and potentially higher fitness in changing environments. Additionally, androdioecy may allow for more efficient allocation of resources, as hermaphrodites can focus on both male and female reproductive functions while separate male individuals can specialize in mating and fertilization. Furthermore, androdioecy may provide a means of avoiding inbreeding and the costs associated with self-fertilization.
In the paper by Saumitou-Laprade and colleagues (2010), the authors present a study on an androdioecious plant and propose a self-incompatibility system as a potential explanation for the high male frequencies in this species. Building on this idea, two hypotheses that might explain the maintenance of males in androdioecious systems could be:
1) Sexual selection: Males in androdioecious populations may exhibit traits that enhance their ability to compete for mates, such as elaborate courtship displays or competitive behaviors. This could lead to an advantage for males in reproductive success, contributing to the maintenance of male individuals in the population.
2) Environmental variability: Androdioecious populations may experience fluctuating environmental conditions that favor the maintenance of separate male individuals. For example, in harsh or unpredictable environments, the presence of males may provide a means of rapid adaptation through increased genetic diversity and the potential for beneficial genetic combinations.
Overall, the maintenance of androdioecy in both animals and plants likely involves complex interactions between genetic, ecological, and evolutionary factors, and further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the persistence of androdioecious mating systems in nature.
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A) Genetic analyses of parentage have not furthered our understanding of mating systems.
B) The occurrence of extrapair copulations triggered ethologists to consider the difference between social and genetic monogamy.
C) Mating systems are classified solely on the basis of pairbond formation.
D) Within a species, only one type of mating system can evolve.
E) All human populations adhere to strict monogamy, that is, both social monogamy and genetic monogamy.
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B
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A) radioimmunoassay
B) DNA fingerprinting
C) genetic recombination
D) truncation selection
E) quantitative trait loci mapping
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The main findings of the study by Fisher...View Answer
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A) Polygyny should occur in patchy environments where males can defend valuable resources.
B) Moving between territories could decrease reproductive success if all other females stay put.
C) The quality of a male's territory should affect his mating success.
D) When females settle onto territories at the same time, those on monogamous and polygamous territories should have approximately equal fitness.
E) A female's decision to occupy a certain territory depends on the number of females already present but not on territory quality.
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A) males to have sole access to a single female.
B) both males and females to have access to multiple mates.
C) males to have access to several females but females to have only one mate.
D) females to have sole access to several males.
E) females to have sole access to a single male.
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A) Female mate choice occurs only when the females are adequately camouflaged.
B) Males are fully aware of the choices being made by females.
C) Females only choose males that demonstrate that they can blend in with their surroundings.
D) Female mate choice behavior is not obvious to the males.
E) Only one individual knows what a female's choice will be.
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A) polygynandry
B) serial polygamy
C) polyandry
D) sequential polygamy
E) polygyny
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A) short lives
B) closely grouped together in space
C) low fecundity
D) mating shortly after becoming adults
E) all of the above
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A) a pair bond with one partner but may mate with many partners during the breeding season.
B) pair bonds and matings with multiple partners during the breeding season.
C) exclusive pair bonds and mating with only one partner during the breeding season.
D) multiple pair bonds in a sequential fashion during the breeding season.
E) multiple pair bonds during the mating season but mating with only one partner.
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