Question 1

Extravasation is the process by which ________ move(s)  from the bloodstream into surrounding tissues.

Accepted Answer

A)   neutrophils
B)   natural killer cells
C)   antibodies
D)   interferons
E)   complement

Question 2

A woman falls and suffers a cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating microbes contaminating the cut?

Accepted Answer

A)   mucociliary elevator
B)   normal skin flora
C)   acidic skin secretions
D)   lysozyme
E)   phagocytosis and the inflammatory response

Question 3

Interferons are

Accepted Answer

A)   antibacterial agents produced by skin, GI-tract, and lung cells.
B)   secreted by eukaryotic cells in response to intracellular infection.
C)   only produced by activated phagocytes.
D)   host specific and virus specific.
E)   able to block bacterial replication.

Question 4

What is the biology underlying the condition of lupus? How could the symptoms of lupus be lessened on the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil extracellular traps, or NETs,...

Question 5

Which of the following two organisms are commonly used as probiotics?

Accepted Answer

A)   Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus
B)   Bacteroides and Lactobacillus acidophilus
C)   Enterococcus and Enterobacter species
D)   Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus acidophilus
E)   Diphtheroids and Fusobacterium species

Question 6

How is it that Clostrioides difficile, often a part of the normal intestinal microflora, can be the causative agent of pseudomembranous enterocolitis?

Accepted Answer

When a person takes antibiotics, normal ...

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a semi-specific, innate immune mechanism associated with mucosal surfaces?

Accepted Answer

A)   Secretory IgA prevents adhesion to mucosal surface.
B)   Extravasation of neutrophils is triggered by specific signals.
C)   Interferons produced by the host will act on specific viruses in the mucosa.
D)   Toll-like receptors on the host bind a specific microbe-associated molecular pattern, or MAMP.
E)   The type of inflammation mounted varies with pathogen.

Question 8

How can differences in gut microbiota account for obesity and leanness in humans?

Accepted Answer

About 15%-20% of the human caloric intak...

Question 9

Why can acne be treated with antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Acne is treated with antibiotics because...

Question 10

Microbes in and on humans sharpen immunity and protect from infection. Explain why these benefits also come with considerable risk.

Accepted Answer

The microbiota of humans are extremely b...

Question 11

The primary lymphoid organ(s)  is/are the

Accepted Answer

A)   adenoids.
B)   appendix.
C)   Peyer's patches.
D)   thymus.
E)   tonsils.

Question 12

Explain the steps of the basic inflammatory response as pictured in the figure below.

Accepted Answer

Infection occurs via a splinter. Residen...

Question 13

C-reactive protein is an acute-phase reactant that will bind to components of

Accepted Answer

A)   IL-1.
B)   TNF-alpha.
C)   bacterial cell surfaces.
D)   host cell membranes.
E)   cytokines.

Question 14

A man has been taking excessive amounts of antacids for heartburn. These tablets are very alkaline. Which innate defense mechanism might be altered by his actions?

Accepted Answer

A)   mucociliary elevator
B)   lysozyme
C)   pH of stomach
D)   flushing action of urine
E)   skin pH

Question 15

How is it that Gram-positive cells are more resistant to complement than Gram-negative cells?

Accepted Answer

The lipopolysaccharide of outer cell mem...

Question 16

Why is it important for people with mitral valve prolapse to take antibiotics prior to a dental exam or procedure?

Accepted Answer

During a dental procedure, organisms tha...

Question 17

Which part of the physical defense system uses skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   gastrointestinal tract
B)   lungs
C)   skin
D)   mucus membranes
E)   defensins

Question 18

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in natural killer cells?

Accepted Answer

A)   internal parasite
B)   herpes virus
C)   Neisseria gonorrhoeae
D)   bacterial infection
E)   cancer

Question 19

Which of the following is/are Type I interferon?

Accepted Answer

A)   NOD-receptors
B)   TLR4
C)   IFN-beta
D)   IFN-gamma
E)   cytokines

Question 20

Opsonization is a process whereby the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms work together

Accepted Answer

A)   to phagocytize an invader.
B)   to activate complement proteins.
C)   for antibody secretion.
D)   to destroy cancer cells.
E)   during apoptosis.

Exam 23: Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

What is the biology underlying the condition of lupus? How could the symptoms of lupus be lessened on the cellular level?

Correct AnswerverifiedNeutrophil extracellular traps, or NETs,...View AnswerShow Answer

Opsonization is a process whereby the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms work together

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The primary lymphoid organ(s) is/are the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why can acne be treated with antibiotics?

Correct AnswerverifiedAcne is treated with antibiotics because...View AnswerShow Answer

How is it that Gram-positive cells are more resistant to complement than Gram-negative cells?

Correct AnswerverifiedThe lipopolysaccharide of outer cell mem...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following two organisms are commonly used as probiotics?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in natural killer cells?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is it important for people with mitral valve prolapse to take antibiotics prior to a dental exam or procedure?

Correct AnswerverifiedDuring a dental procedure, organisms tha...View AnswerShow Answer

How is it that Clostrioides difficile, often a part of the normal intestinal microflora, can be the causative agent of pseudomembranous enterocolitis?

Correct AnswerverifiedWhen a person takes antibiotics, normal ...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following is/are Type I interferon?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is an example of a semi-specific, innate immune mechanism associated with mucosal surfaces?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Extravasation is the process by which ________ move(s) from the bloodstream into surrounding tissues.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How can differences in gut microbiota account for obesity and leanness in humans?

Correct AnswerverifiedAbout 15%-20% of the human caloric intak...View AnswerShow Answer

Microbes in and on humans sharpen immunity and protect from infection. Explain why these benefits also come with considerable risk.

Correct AnswerverifiedThe microbiota of humans are extremely b...View AnswerShow Answer

A man has been taking excessive amounts of antacids for heartburn. These tablets are very alkaline. Which innate defense mechanism might be altered by his actions?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

C-reactive protein is an acute-phase reactant that will bind to components of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Interferons are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which part of the physical defense system uses skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A woman falls and suffers a cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating microbes contaminating the cut?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain the steps of the basic inflammatory response as pictured in the figure below.

Correct AnswerverifiedInfection occurs via a splinter. Residen...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified
Neutrophil extracellular traps, or NETs,...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Acne is treated with antibiotics because...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
The lipopolysaccharide of outer cell mem...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
During a dental procedure, organisms tha...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
When a person takes antibiotics, normal ...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
About 15%-20% of the human caloric intak...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
The microbiota of humans are extremely b...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Infection occurs via a splinter. Residen...
View Answer