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What is the source of energy that transforms igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks? What is the source of energy that transforms sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks? What is the source of energy that transforms metamorphic rocks into igneous rocks? Are these sources of energy internal or external? Explain.

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Sedimentary result from external process...

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In order to metamorphose, metamorphic rocks must melt.

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False

In general, which of the statements below best describe what happens in terms of composition as crystallization proceeds down the Bowen's reaction series (shown in the figure) ? A) The early-formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in such rocks as andesite and granite. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in peridotite and basalt. B) The early-formed carbonates are enriched in calcium and carbonate, resulting in such rocks as limestone. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed carbonates are enriched in fossils, resulting in fossiliferous limestone and coquina. C) The early-formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in such rocks as peridotite and basalt. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in andesite and granite. D) The early-formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in such rocks as peridotite and basalt. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in andesite and granite. In general, which of the statements below best describe what happens in terms of composition as crystallization proceeds down the Bowen's reaction series (shown in the figure) ?


A) The early-formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in such rocks as andesite and granite. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in peridotite and basalt.
B) The early-formed carbonates are enriched in calcium and carbonate, resulting in such rocks as limestone. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed carbonates are enriched in fossils, resulting in fossiliferous limestone and coquina.
C) The early-formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in such rocks as peridotite and basalt. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in andesite and granite.
D) The early-formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in such rocks as peridotite and basalt. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in andesite and granite.

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A large proportion of feldspar sets arkose apart from regular sandstone.

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Discuss how the following variables influence the rate of weathering: Mineral content, climate, and topography.

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More stable minerals, like quartz, are m...

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Three of the following statements about mechanical weathering are true. One is false. Which statement is incorrect?


A) Mechanical weathering does not affect metamorphic rocks.
B) Mechanical weathering produces smaller pieces.
C) Mechanical weathering does not change the rock's mineral composition.
D) Mechanical weathering adds to the effectiveness of chemical weathering.

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Which of the following rock types represents the highest grade of metamorphism?


A) slate
B) phyllite
C) schist
D) gneiss

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Which one of the following is an igneous rock?


A) limestone
B) rhyolite
C) slate
D) quartz

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The rock ________ is a description of how one rock may be transformed into another kind of rock through various internal and external processes.

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Match the items with the correct descriptions.

Premises
Reactions that take place, often facilitated by water, to new produce products, mainly clay minerals, which are stable at Earth's surface.
The reaction of a substance (often a metal ion) with oxygen. Rust is an example.
The breaking of rock into smaller pieces.
When water freezes, it expands in volume. Water-filled cracks can be enlarged when this new ice exerts outward pressure on the walls of the fracture.
The expansion of rocks that formed under high confining pressure, once they are uplifted and exposed at Earth's surface producing fractures that are broadly curved and parallel to the land surface.
Pressure that is unequal in different directions, such as results from the convergence of tectonic plates (mountain-building)
A substance that forms when carbon dioxide in the air combines with water. It is an important agent of chemical weathering.
Pressure that is equal in every direction, such as results from the burial of sediments
Responses
Differential stress
Confining pressure
Frost wedging
Sheeting
Oxidation
Carbonic acid
Mechanical weathering
Chemical weathering

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Reactions that take place, often facilitated by water, to new produce products, mainly clay minerals, which are stable at Earth's surface.
The reaction of a substance (often a metal ion) with oxygen. Rust is an example.
The breaking of rock into smaller pieces.
When water freezes, it expands in volume. Water-filled cracks can be enlarged when this new ice exerts outward pressure on the walls of the fracture.
The expansion of rocks that formed under high confining pressure, once they are uplifted and exposed at Earth's surface producing fractures that are broadly curved and parallel to the land surface.
Pressure that is unequal in different directions, such as results from the convergence of tectonic plates (mountain-building)
A substance that forms when carbon dioxide in the air combines with water. It is an important agent of chemical weathering.
Pressure that is equal in every direction, such as results from the burial of sediments

Frying an egg is a non-geological example of contact metamorphism.

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Which rock type is most likely to have been deposited in a high- energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream) ?


A) conglomerate
B) shale
C) chert
D) microcrystalline limestone

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Given the right conditions any kind of rock can be transformed into any other kind of rock.

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Layers in sedimentary rocks are called ________.

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beds

What form of physical weathering is shown in this image? A) frost wedging B) sheeting C) root wedging D) hydrolysis What form of physical weathering is shown in this image?


A) frost wedging
B) sheeting
C) root wedging
D) hydrolysis

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Heat, confining pressure, differential stress, and ________ are four agents that drive metamorphic reactions.

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chemically...

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Rusting is an example of mechanical weathering.

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Consult the image that depicts Bowen's reaction series. What can be said of the temperature at which a granite crystallizes? A) Granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 750° C. B) Granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 900° C. C) Granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 1200° C. D) Nothing can be deduced from this chart about the crystallization temperature of any igneous rock. Consult the image that depicts Bowen's reaction series. What can be said of the temperature at which a granite crystallizes?


A) Granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 750° C.
B) Granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 900° C.
C) Granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 1200° C.
D) Nothing can be deduced from this chart about the crystallization temperature of any igneous rock.

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All varieties of limestone are dominated by the mineral calcite.

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An igneous rock that shows a vesicular texture ________.


A) contains many small holes, like Swiss cheese
B) must be extrusive
C) must be fine grained
D) all of the above

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D

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