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Which of the following is a difference between internal attributions and external attributions?


A) Internal attributions are those in which behavior is thought to be voluntary or under the control of the individual, whereas external attributions are those in which behavior is thought to be involuntary and beyond of the control of the individual.
B) External attributions result in the fundamental attribution error, whereas internal attributions result in the defensive bias.
C) External attributions stimulate effective communication in organizations, whereas internal attributions present a significant challenge to effective communication in organizations.
D) Internal attributions are typically used by workers, whereas external attributions are typically used by managers.

Correct Answer

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A

When the chief executive officer of a large corporation received an award for groundbreaking performance at an award ceremony, the employees of the company applauded for him and gave him a standing ovation. Applauses and standing ovations are examples of _____.


A) proxemics
B) kinesics
C) haptics
D) chronemics

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When Douglas, an employee at Donovan Corp., was unable to complete a project on time, his manager, Tyler, assumed that Douglas missed the deadline because he was insincere. However, Douglas could not meet the deadline because his computer was infected with malware. In this scenario, Tyler's perception of Douglas represents a _____.


A) selective attribution error
B) defensive bias
C) self-serving bias
D) fundamental attribution error

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In the context of formal communication channels, _____ is used to give those at lower levels the chance to share their concerns with higher-level authorities.


A) Upward communication
B) Incongruent communication
C) Horizontal communication
D) Downward communication

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_____ is feedback that disapproves without any intention of being helpful and almost always causes a negative or defensive reaction in the recipient.


A) Constructive feedback
B) Productive feedback
C) Destructive feedback
D) Administrative feedback

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Which of the following is a similarity between paralanguage and kinesics?


A) Both include the pitch, rate, tone, and volume of one's voice.
B) Both are forms of nonverbal communication.
C) Both involve movements of the body and face.
D) Both are forms of proxemic communication.

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A group of newly recruited employees were bullied by senior members of the facilities team. Jodie, one the team members who witnessed the event, wrote a letter to the head of her division describing the bullying incident. In this case, Jodie is engaging in _____.


A) downward communication
B) upward communication
C) horizontal communication
D) informal communication

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Lucas, a recruitment manager, describes the criteria for the recruitment process in an email and sends it out to all the members of the human resources team. In this scenario, Lucas is engaging in _____.


A) encoding
B) benchmarking
C) decoding
D) brainstorming

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Which of the following is a difference between oral communication and written communication?


A) Written communication is a richer communication medium than oral communication.
B) Unlike written communication, oral communication is well suited for delivering straightforward messages and information.
C) Written communication provides more nonverbal cues than oral communication.
D) Unlike written communication, oral communication is well suited for delivering complex, ambiguous, or emotionally laden messages.

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A memo or email is often a better communication medium than the oral medium when the message:


A) is complex and hard to decipher.
B) includes a detailed request requiring two-way communication.
C) requires immediate feedback.
D) includes straightforward information.

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Rebecca, an employee at Ecoz International, is often subjected to sexual harassment at the workplace. She decides to inform the head of the human resources department about this problem. She writes an email to him in which she describes her manager's perverse behavior toward her and other female employees. In this case, Rebecca is engaging in _____.


A) downward communication
B) upward communication
C) horizontal communication
D) informal communication

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B

When the managing director of a multinational company explained to his subordinates why the company had to reduce their incentives the previous month, he was engaging in _____.


A) downward communication
B) upward communication
C) horizontal communication
D) informal communication

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A

Organizational silence occurs when:


A) an organization refuses to answer customer complaints.
B) employees are directed to discuss company issues only with their managers and not with their peers.
C) managers encourage grapevine communications in an organization.
D) employees of an organization believe that telling management about problems will not make a difference.

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In the context of the perception process, which of the following is a difference between organization and interpretation?


A) Perceptual filters do not affect organization of information, whereas perceptual filters affect interpretation of information.
B) Organization is the first step of the perception process, whereas interpretation is the last step of the perception process.
C) Organization is the process of incorporating new information into one's existing knowledge, whereas interpretation is the process of attaching meaning to new knowledge.
D) Organization is the process of noticing, or becoming aware of, particular stimuli, whereas interpretation is the process of attaching meaning to new knowledge.

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Brandon received an email from his travel agent, which stated that his trip to London will be postponed because of a problem with the visa application. Brandon assumed that this visa issue concerned every other applicant who was traveling to London, even though that was not the case. This scenario illustrates the concept of _____.


A) closure
B) kinesics
C) social loafing
D) structural accommodation

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_____ is the tendency to fill in the gaps where information is missing, that is, to assume that what we do not know is consistent with what we already do know.


A) Closure
B) Countertransference
C) Counterconditioning
D) Regularization

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In the context of formal communication channels, _____ is used to encourage lower-level managers and employees to participate in organizational decision making.


A) downward communication
B) upward communication
C) horizontal communication
D) lateral communication

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Riley, the manager of the telecommunications department at InfoMedia Inc., posts updates on the company's online bulletin board about the upcoming events. In this case, Riley is engaged in _____.


A) encoding
B) benchmarking
C) decoding
D) brainstorming

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_____ means assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by giving the speaker nonjudgmental feedback that shows you've accurately heard what he or she said.


A) Passive listening
B) Incongruent communication
C) Reactive communication
D) Active listening

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Rose was nervous during her job interview. Her interviewer sensed that she was nervous because she was speaking much faster and louder. In this scenario, which of the following forms of nonverbal communication helped Rose's interviewer sense her nervousness?


A) Metalanguage
B) Kinesics
C) Paralanguage
D) Proxemics

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