Exam 8: Human Development

A) conservation.
B) separation anxiety.
C) attachment.
D) object permanence.

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A) adjust their schemas to new information.
B) incorporate new information into existing schemas.
C) are deprived of parental warmth and sensitivity.
D) are insecurely attached to their caregivers.

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A) the same people are retested over a period of years.
B) a number of people are assessed at one point in time.
C) different characteristics of an individual are assessed simultaneously.
D) the behavior of an individual is assessed by different researchers.

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A) Piaget believed that we go through four stages in understanding the world and that each stage involves a qualitatively different way of making sense of the world.
B) Piaget believed that children do not play an active role in constructing their own understanding of the world but rather are passively reacting to environmental influences.
C) Piaget believed that human beings use schemas to make sense of their experience.
D) Piaget's theory suggests that over the course of the four developmental stages, a person progresses from sensorimotor cognition to abstract, idealistic, and logical thought.

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A) intimacy vs.isolation
B) integrity vs.despair
C) industry vs.inferiority
D) generativity vs.stagnation

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A) Unlike cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies are affected by cohort effects.
B) Cross-sectional studies deal with people of the same age, whereas longitudinal studies deal with people belonging to different age groups.
C) Cross-sectional studies assess people at one point in time, whereas longitudinal studies assess people over a long period of time.
D) Cross-sectional studies assess participants multiple times, whereas longitudinal studies assess participants only once.

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A) solve mathematical problems
B) represent the world with words and images
C) reverse mental operations
D) give logical reasons for knowing something

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A) high levels of testosterone
B) low levels of androgens
C) the presence of teratogens
D) the absence of teratogens

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A) nature
B) nurture
C) genetics
D) genealogy

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A) formal operational thought.
B) concrete operational thought.
C) moral realistic thought.
D) transductive thought.

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A) Adolescents can conceive of hypothetical possibilities in this stage.
B) This stage denotes ability of an adolescent to systematically deduce, or come to a conclusion about, the best path for solving the problem.
C) A kind of abstract, idealistic thinking, and logical reasoning occurs in this cognitive stage.
D) One important skill at this stage of reasoning is the ability to classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations.

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A) Younger adults embrace the present moment with increasing vitality.
B) Unlike younger adults, older adults tend to be preoccupied with the future.
C) Older adults gain a sense of meaning by focusing on satisfying relationships and activities in the present.
D) Younger adults tend to be selective in their social interactions in order to maximize positive, meaningful experiences.

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In cross-sectional studies, a number of ...

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A) feeling "in between"
B) self-focus
C) wisdom
D) identity exploration in love and work

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A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

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A) At birth, the infant brain has about 100 billion neurons, but only minimal neural connections.
B) During the first two years of life, the dendrites of the neurons branch out and the neurons become far more interconnected.
C) Aside from growing larger, the brain does not undergo any anatomical change after birth.
D) Synaptic connections increase dramatically during childhood; connections that are made become stronger and will survive.

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A) authoritarian parenting
B) assimilation
C) scaffolding
D) conservation

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A) autonomy vs.doubt
B) initiative vs.guilt
C) industry vs.inferiority
D) trust vs.mistrust

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