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To establish legal responsibility under the Superfund Act, courts use strict liability as well as joint and several liability.

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The series of events that begins with waste generation and continues through transport, storage, treatment, and disposal is known as


A) the "cradle to grave" management system
B) the waste manifest system
C) the waste stream
D) the Superfund cleanup process

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Use marginal analysis (i.e., marginal social benefit (MSB) and marginal social cost (MSC)) to graphically illustrate a Superfund site abatement decision that is solely risk-based relative to one that is based on the efficiency criterion. What do you observe? b. Repeat the exercise using total analysis (i.e., total social benefits (TSB) and total social costs (TSC)).

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1a. Using marginal analysis, the graph b...

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Identification of hazardous wastes under the law relies on risk-benefit analysis.

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A permit system is used to control hazardous waste management at treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs).

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The land restrictions may act to provide an incentive to reduce hazardous waste generation.

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In 1984, amendments to RCRA restrict landfilling activity, which in turn


A) would cause the MPC of land disposal to rise
B) may offer some incentive for waste disposers to generate less waste
C) reduce the external cost of landfilling
D) all of the above

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The legislative provisions that govern waste control policy in the United States today are the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (commonly known as the RCRA Amendments of 1984).

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Types of hazardous substances include heavy metals, acids, and solvents.

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The first federal legislation passed in the United States that dealt with waste control was the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976.

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Hazardous waste sites posing the greatest threat to health and the ecology are placed on the National Priorities List (NPL).

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The most prevalent type of damage associated with hazardous waste sites is


A) water and soil contamination
B) loss of livestock
C) fish kills
D) air pollution

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A set of control strategies to reduce the amount and toxicity of hazardous waste at every stage of the waste stream is known as


A) source reduction
B) waste management
C) "cradle-to-grave" management
D) risk-benefit analysis

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According to the textbook application, GE was ordered to dredge the Hudson River


A) because it illegally dumped chemicals into the river
B) even though its release of PCBs into that river was done legally
C) under the rulings of RCRA
D) none of the above

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The economic sector responsible for the largest amount of hazardous waste is


A) households
B) industry
C) government
D) institutions

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Abandoned or underdeveloped real properties whose development is complicated by contamination are referred to as


A) NPL sites
B) Superfund sites
C) brownfield sites
D) RCRA sites

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Unwanted materials that pose a substantial threat to human health or the environment are referred to as municipal solid wastes.

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A major component of the "cradle-to-grave" management system is


A) identification of hazardous waste
B) a permit system for treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs)
C) a national manifest system for tracking through the waste stream
D) all of the above
E) (a) and (c) only

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Under the Superfund Act, the EPA has the authority to require those responsible for a hazardous substance release, known as potentially responsible parties (PRPs), to correct the problem and pay for damages.

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The identification of hazardous wastes under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)


A) uses benefit-cost analysis for characteristic wastes
B) uses a uniform approach to implement the identification criteria
C) employs an index based on toxicity
D) is based on risk-benefit analysis

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