A) for all distances between genes in one chromosome.
B) for distances up to about 75 map units, after which recombination frequencies become higher than expected.
C) for distances up to about 50 map units, at which point recombination frequencies become higher than expected.
D) for distances up to about 25 map units, at which point recombination frequency becomes higher than expected.
E) for distances up to about 15 map units, at which point recombination frequency becomes lower than expected.
G) C) and E)
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A) They share short homologies at their respective tips.
B) They use a unique sex-linked mechanism not present in other pairs.
C) They do not need to pair because they are not a homologous pair.
D) A special function of the spindle apparatus forces X and Y together.
F) B) and D)
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A) His X chromosome would be found only in his daughters and granddaughters.
B) His X chromosome would be found only in his sons and grandsons.
C) His X chromosome would be found only in his daughters and grandsons.
D) His X chromosome would be found only in his daughters, then in both his granddaughters and grandsons.
E) His X chromosome would be found only in his sons, then in both his granddaughters and grandsons.
G) A) and D)
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A) carrier
B) harborer
C) homozygote
D) unaffected female
E) messenger
G) C) and E)
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A) are accumulated within individual Y chromosome lineages.
B) generally only affect male reproductive structure and function.
C) are helpful for mapping genes.
D) are shared only with specific regions of the X chromosome.
E) happen only rarely.
G) B) and E)
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A) It is an X-linked trait characterized by epilepsy and the overproduction of the lactase enzyme.
B) It is a mitochondrial disease that only appears in females, given that mitochondria are transmitted through the cytoplasm of female gametes.
C) It is a mitochondrial disease that results from a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes contained within mitochondria.
D) It is a Y-linked trait characterized by muscle weakness, which is passed from fathers to sons.
E) None of the answer options is correct.
G) None of the above
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A) 1/8; 1/8; 1/4
B) 1/4; 1/4; 1/2
C) 3/8; 1/8; 1/2
D) 1/2; 1/8; 5/8
F) A) and C)
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A) Mendelian segregation.
B) independent assortment of alleles.
C) sex-linked inheritance.
D) a crossover.
E) Mendelian segregation and independent assortment of alleles.
G) A) and B)
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A) blue eyes and red hair.
B) sickle-cell anemia and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.
C) type II diabetes and high blood pressure.
D) red-green color blindness and hemophilia.
E) None of the answer options is correct.
G) All of the above
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A) 100%
B) 75%
C) 50%
D) 25%
E) 0%
G) None of the above
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A) An unaffected woman whose father was affected is expected to have unaffected sons.
B) An unaffected father is expected to have unaffected daughters.
C) An affected mother is expected to have affected sons.
D) An affected father is expected to have affected daughters.
E) Both parents have to be affected in order to have affected daughters.
G) D) and E)
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B) False
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B) False
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A) A female can transmit a Y-linked trait as a result of crossing over between homologous portions of the X and Y chromosomes.
B) Only males will demonstrate a Y-linked trait.
C) Only about half of all the male progeny from a male demonstrating a Y-linked trait will also have that trait.
D) Y-linked traits typically disappear in fourth- or fifth-generation males in the same family.
E) All of these choices are correct.
G) B) and E)
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A) mitochondrial DNA is single-stranded.
B) mitochondrial DNA is circular.
C) unlike nuclear inheritance, both parents do not contribute mitochondrial DNA.
D) unlike mitochondrial inheritance, only one parent contributes nuclear DNA.
E) mitochondrial inheritance is sex-linked.
G) C) and E)
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A) natural selection favors specific mutations in specific places.
B) mutations in the Y chromosome occurred as people migrated around the globe.
C) mutations in the Y chromosome are independent of mutations in mitochondria.
D) mutations in the Y chromosome occur only in a few locations.
E) nonmutant Y chromosome genotypes are eliminated from human populations.
G) A) and E)
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A) The phenotype of F2 males reveals the genotype of the X chromosome they inherited from their mother.
B) All four possible classes of maternal gametes are observed in the F2 male progeny in a 1:1:1:1 ratio, which indicates that the two genes undergo independent assortment.
C) The lack of independent assortment indicates that the two genes are linked in the X chromosome.
D) The Y chromosome in the male offspring allows the genotype of each X chromosome inherited from the mother to be observed in the male phenotype.
F) B) and C)
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B) False
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B) False
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A) Like mitochondria, chloroplasts always demonstrate a maternal pattern of inheritance, regardless of the plant species.
B) Chloroplasts always demonstrate a paternal pattern of inheritance, regardless of the plant species.
C) Chloroplasts always demonstrate biparental inheritance, regardless of the plant species.
D) Chloroplasts can demonstrate maternal, paternal, or biparental patterns of inheritance depending on the plant species.
F) A) and C)
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